The primary purpose of the cardiac examination is to assess the structure and function of the heart as a muscular pump and to evaluate it for possible malfunctions. Because heart disease is so common ...

THE classical jugular phlebogram (JP) is a composite record of arterial and venous pulsations. Mackenzie 1 noted that if the carotid arterial pulse wave could be subtracted from the JP we would have ...

What is a “cannon A wave” in the jugular venous pulse? A “cannon A wave” occurs when the right atrium contracts against a closed tricuspid valve causing a large pulsation to occur in the jugular ...