In an unreplicated blocked design, the interaction effect that is confounded with the block effect cannot be estimated. You can replicate the experiment so that a ...

Control for confounding is crucial in causal observational studies. However, the modelling of continuous confounders has not received much attention. This is probably because in causal research the ...

With very low certainty of evidence, WHO has conditionally recommended two 6-month or 9-month regimens for pre-extensively drug-resistant (pre-XDR) tuberculosis: one comprising bedaquiline, pretomanid ...

Understanding ion-specific effects is a central theme of biology. But because ions are generally manipulated through the use of salts, the complication of 'ion confounding' is introduced. Ion ...

Experimentation is a vital part of the scientific method. Most problems in science require observation of the system at work and experimentation to elucidate information about how the system works. In ...

Rerum cognoscere causas. This phrase translates as ‘to know the causes of things’. It is the basis and impetus of public health. But epidemiologists have a different word for it: causal inference.

means that the level of factor F is computed by adding the levels of B and D and two times the levels of C and E, all modulo 3. Note that if q is not a prime number, Galois field arithmetic is not ...