Thermal management using a vapor-liquid two-phase circulation system is challenging in compact and complex-shaped electronic devices. In this study, we design and fabricate a heat pipe that can adapt ...

Hierarchical compartmentalization responding to changes in intracellular and extracellular environments is ubiquitous in living eukaryotic cells but remains a formidable task in synthetic systems.

“We’ve seen probably about an 80% reduction in pumping power needed,” Glessner noted, “so on a system that you might have needed 10 gallons per minute for a single-phase to meet your cooling demands, ...

As of 2025, single-phase direct-to-chip (D2C) cooling remains the dominant solution for high-end GPU thermal management. However, as thermal design power (TDP) continues to climb, two-phase D2C ...